Data Types

In Python, data types are classifications of data items that specify the type of value a variable can hold. Python's data types can be categorized into the following major groups:

Basic (or Built-in) Data Types

These are the fundamental data types used in Python:

• Numeric Types:
  • int: Integer numbers (e.g., 1, 42, -7).
  • float: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.5).
  • complex: Complex numbers (e.g., 3+4j, 2-3j).

x = 10        # int
y = 3.14      # float
z = 1 + 2j    # complex

• Text Type:
  • str: Strings, or sequences of Unicode characters (e.g., "Hello, World!").

name = "Jasmeet"  # str

• Boolean Type:
  • bool: Represents two values: True or False.

is_valid = True  # bool

Sequence Types

These represent ordered collections of items:

• List (list): Mutable, ordered collection of items (e.g., [1, 2, 3], ["apple", "banana"]).
• Tuple (tuple): Immutable, ordered collection of items (e.g., (1, 2, 3), ("a", "b")).
• Range (range): Represents a sequence of numbers (e.g., range(5) produces 0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

In python, mutable objects can be changed after creation, while immutable objects cannot be changed after creation.

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]  # list
coordinates = (10, 20)        # tuple

Set Types

Unordered collections of unique items:

• Set (set): Mutable collection of unique items (e.g., {1, 2, 3}).
• Frozenset (frozenset): Immutable version of a set.

unique_items = {1, 2, 3}      # set

Mapping Type

Associations between keys and values:

• Dictionary (dict): Mutable collection of key-value pairs (e.g., {"name": "Jasmeet", "age": 30}).

person = {"name": "Jasmeet", "age": 30}  # dict

Binary Types

Used for binary data manipulation:

• Bytes (bytes): Immutable sequences of bytes (e.g., b"hello").
• Bytearray (bytearray): Mutable sequences of bytes.
• Memoryview (memoryview): Views memory of another binary object without copying.

Specialized Data Types (via Libraries)

Python also supports additional data types through libraries, such as:

• datetime: For handling date and time.
• Decimal and Fraction: For precise arithmetic.

Each data type in Python has its own methods and operations that make it versatile and easy to use.