Control Flow

Control flow in Python refers to the mechanisms that allow you to dictate the order in which code is executed based on conditions or loops. Python's control flow constructs include conditional statements, loops, and control statements like break, continue, and pass. Here's a breakdown of these concepts:

Conditional Statements

Conditional statements allow the program to execute different blocks of code based on conditions.

• if Statement:
  x = 10
  if x > 5:
      print("x is greater than 5")
  

Note: Block of code after if statement is indented.

• if-else Statement:

  x = 3
  if x > 5:
      print("x is greater than 5")
  else:
      print("x is not greater than 5")
  

• if-elif-else Statement:

  x = 7
  if x > 10:
      print("x is greater than 10")
  elif x == 7:
      print("x is exactly 7")
  else:
      print("x is less than 10 but not 7")
  

Loops

Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly.

• for Loop: Iterates over a sequence.

  for i in range(5):
      print(i)  # Outputs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  

• while Loop: Executes as long as a condition is True.

  count = 0
  while count < 5:
      print(count)
      count += 1
  

Control Statements

These statements alter the normal flow of a loop.

• break: Exits the loop prematurely.

  for i in range(10):
      if i == 5:
          break
      print(i)  # Outputs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  

• continue: Skips the rest of the code in the current iteration and moves to the next iteration.

  for i in range(5):
      if i == 2:
          continue
      print(i)  # Outputs 0, 1, 3, 4
  

• pass: Does nothing; acts as a placeholder.

  for i in range(5):
      if i == 2:
          pass
      print(i)  # Outputs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  

##try-except for Exception Handling While not a traditional control flow mechanism, exception handling allows you to handle errors gracefully.

 x= a
 try:
    num = int(x)
    print(num)
 except:
    print("That's not a number!") # Output : That's not a number!

we will learn more about try and except in error handling section.

Nested Control Flow

You can nest if, loops, and control statements within one another to create complex logic.

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        if i == j:
            print(f"i equals j at {i}")